Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The stars
Star light, star bright ... /
Stellar spectra /
The lives of the stars /
Binary stars /
Stellar photometry: the magnitude system
1.2 Our Milky Way
Gas in the Milky Way/
What's where in the Milky Way: coordinate systems
1.3 Other galaxies
Galaxy photometry
1.4 Galaxies in the expanding Universe
Densities and ages
1.5 The pregalactic era: a brief history of matter
The hot early Universe /
Making the elements /
Recombination: light and matter uncoupled
Chapter 2: Mapping our Milky Way
2.1 The solar neighborhood /
Trigonometric parallax /
Luminosity functions and mass functions
2.2 The stars in the Galaxy
Distances from kinematics /
Spectroscopic parallax: the vertical structure of the disk /
Distances to star clusters /
An infrared view
2.3 Galactic rotation
Measuring the Galactic rotation curve /
Gas in the Milky Way's disk /
Gas in the inner Galaxy /
Gravitational lensing --- a search for the `dark matter'
Chapter 3: The orbits of the stars
3.1 Motion under gravityChapter 4: Our backyard: the Local Group
4.1 Satellites of the Milky Way
The Magellanic Clouds /
Variable stars as `standard candles' /
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies /
Life in orbit: the tidal limit
4.2 Spirals of the Local Group
The Andromeda galaxy /
M33: a late-type spiral
4.3 How did the Local Group galaxies form?
Making the Milky Way /
The buildup of heavy elements
4.4 Dwarf galaxies in the Local Group
Dwarf ellipticals and dwarf spheroidals /
Dwarf irregular galaxies
4.5 Past and future of the Local Group
Chapter 5: Spiral and S0 galaxies
5.1 The distribution of starlight
Astronomical array detectors /
Surface photometry of disk galaxies
5.2 Observing the gas
Radio telescopes /
Cool gas in the disk
5.3 Gas motions and the masses of disk galaxies
The rotation curve /
Dark matter in disk galaxies /
The Tully-Fisher relation
Interlude: the sequence of disk galaxies
5.4 Spiral arms and galactic bars
Observed spiral patterns /
Theories for spiral structure /
Barred disks
5.5 Bulges and centers of disk galaxies
Bulges /
Nuclei and central black holes
5.6 Groups: the homes of disk galaxies
Gas in groups of galaxies /
Galaxy collisions and mergers
Chapter 6: Elliptical galaxies
6.1 Photometry
The shapes of elliptical galaxies /
Twisty, disky, or boxy?
6.2 Motions of the stars
Measuring stellar velocities /
The Faber-Jackson relation and the fundamental plane /
How fast should an elliptical galaxy rotate? /
Stellar orbits in a triaxial galaxy
6.3 Stellar populations and gas
6.4 Dark matter and black holes
Dark halos /
Central black holes?
6.5 Galaxy clusters: the domain of elliptical galaxies
Rich clusters of galaxies /
Elliptical galaxies: nature, nurture, or merger? /
Masses of galaxy clusters: gravitational lensing
Chapter 7: Large-scale distribution of galaxies
7.1 Observations of large-scale structure
Measures of galaxy clustering
7.2 Expansion of a homogeneous Universe
7.3 Growth of structure: peculiar motions
How do peculiar velocities build up?
7.4 Growth of structure: clusters, walls, and voids
Chapter 8: Active galactic nuclei and the early history of galaxies
8.1 Active galactic nuclei
Seyfert galaxies /
Radio galaxies /
Synchrotron emission from radio galaxies /
Quasars /
Superluminal motion and beaming in relativistic jets /
Distribution of quasars in space
8.2 Quasar absorption lines
Absorbing gas close to the quasar/
Intergalactic gas /
The damped Lyman alpha clouds /
Metals in the intergalactic gas /
The Lyman alpha forest
8.3 The first galaxies
Observing the earliest galaxies /
How and when did galaxies form?
Appendix
A. Units and conversions
B. Bibliography
C. Hints for problems
Index